Market Structure and the Role of Government Assignment

Market Structure and the Role of Government - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that the term ‘market structures’ refers to a particular social organization which operates between buyers and clients in any given market. Others define market structures as models that govern social organization between clients and businesses in a market. Since the four market structures are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly, the characteristics of these market structures differ. In perfect structure, supply and demand as competitive market forces control prices in the market and output levels of produce rendered by competitive firms. In both perfect and monopolistic competition and structures, there are multiple participants and the commodity of trade is homogenous. Monopolistic competition is an intermediary between the two extremes that characterize monopolistic and competitive markets. Herein, there are several firms each with small proportions of market share and an extent of different iated products. These competitive firms are also price makers. In a monopoly, the product of trade is one, while in an oligopolistic market structure, a number of firms maintain control over the market share. There are neither competitors in a monopolistic market nor close substitutes for the product. In an oligopoly, there is a tendency to compete on non-pricing criteria which include advertising, gift certificates, packaging, and transportation.

Police Leadership and Code of Silence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police Leadership and Code of Silence - Essay Example Also, the study identifies other ways additional to the proposed ones to handle the code of silence. The paper also, analyzes effectiveness of a properly led police organization. Proper leadership within the police department can make a positive difference in the police organization in regards to, handling the code of silence. This could be made possible by doing the following; ensuring accountability to all those in the police department whereby all those in the police department should be held responsible for their actions. This will make them responsible as they will be answerable for whatever action they take. Also, strong disciplinary actions should be taken against those who violate human rights; this will enable the policemen to ensure that do their duty responsibly and do not in any way break the rule on human rights. With the introduction of socialization, the police leadership would have greatly contributed in handling the code of silence; this through psychological testing where they are subjected to a screening mechanism both while in training and when they are on duty. This will ensure the police officers are aware of the limits that they cannot break. Police supervision should also be embraced. Police officers should be supervised while they are carrying out their duties to ensure they do their duties diligently without any harm to the community and in accordance with the set rules and guidelines. Other than this, the community and the police should socialize and work together. Here, police officers and the community will live as friends. This will ensure the hatred between the community and police officers is ironed out and that the two groups, police and the community, work together in fighting crime. It will enable the police to give better services to the community (Stojkovic, et al., 2002). Police supervision is an essential part of the police department in handling the code of silence. It is necessary in that the police officers will be acco untable in what they do to their front line supervisors. This will ensure there are no favors’ in case handling and in turn ensure that justice is achieved. Supervision is also crucial in ensuring that police officers follow rules while carrying out their duty; this will eliminate the blame game and make it easy to identify those who break the law. Another reason why police supervision is important is to ensure that the officers get the best and the required training. This will equip them with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle the citizens. Supervision also promotes integrity; where the officers do and say only what is right. This will help eliminate cases like that of Frank Jude where the police covered up for each other. Police supervision is important in that it promotes justice because the wrong doers are punished (Stojkovic, et al., 2002). Police organizations are not different from other organizations when it comes to the code of silence. This is because the organizations have a set form of leadership and seniors to whom they should be accountable just like the other organizations. There are other ways to address the code of silence issue in the police organization. One such way is ensuring that there is a set of standards to be followed. This will ensure that the officers adhere to the standards and know whenever they are breaking them. Another method is the introduction of refresher courses; where the office

Transition temperatures in toughness Research Paper

Transition temperatures in toughness - Research Paper Example This method uses the fault size, as well as features, constituent geometry, loading state of affairs and the substance property known as fracture toughness to calculate the capacity of a constituent containing a fault to oppose fracture (Metallurgical Society of AIME, 2005). Samples having typical proportions but dissimilar complete size bring into being dissimilar standards for KI. This comes about because the pressure states adjoining to the fault changes with the sample thickness (B) in anticipation of the breadth surpassing some critical measurement. Once the breadth surpasses the critical measurement, the value of KI turns out to be comparatively unvarying and KIC , is a accurate material asset which is known as the plane-strain rupture toughness. The affiliation amid stress strength, KI, and rupture toughness, KIC, is comparable to the correlation amid pressure and tensile pressure. The stress strength, KI, embodies the height of â€Å"pressure† at the top of the crack, as well as the rupture roughness, KIC, is the utmost value of pressure strength that a substance under precise conditions that is plane-strain, that a substance can bear up without rupture. As the stress strength factor gets to the KIC value, unsteady fracture takes place. As with a substance’s other motorized properties, KIC is usually reported within reference books, as well as other sources (American Society for Testing and Materials, 2006).    When a substance with a fracture is loaded in pressure, the materials build up plastic tensions as the capitulate stress is surpassed in the area near the fracture tip. Substance within the fracture tip pressure field, located close to an open surface, can distort tangentially that is in the z-path of the representation since there cannot exist any stresses standard to the open surface. The condition of stress is inclined to biaxial, as well as the substance rupture in a distinctive ductile way, with a 45o cut off lip being create d at each open surface. This situation is known as â€Å"plane-stress" furthermore it takes place in comparatively lean bodies where the pressure through the breadth cannot differ significantly because of the thin segment (Metallurgical Society of AIME, 2005). On the other hand, substance away from the open surfaces of a comparatively thick constituent is not liberated to distort tangentially because the adjoining material inhibits it. The stress situation under these circumstances is inclined to triaxial furthermore, there is zero tension at a 90-degree angle to both the tension axis and the bearing of crack transmission when a substance is loaded in pressure. This form is known as â€Å"plane-strain† and is instituted within thick plates. Underneath plane-strain circumstances, substances behave fundamentally, elastic pending the rupture stress arriving at and then swift fracture takes place. Given that slight or no plastic warping is noted, this form rupture is referred to as fragile breakage (Smith, Temenoff & Gall, 2009) . When carrying out a fracture hardiness test, the most widespread test sample designs are the single periphery notch bend (SENB), as well as the compact stress (CT)

Monsters Are Real Donnie Darko Essay Example for Free

Monsters Are Real Donnie Darko Essay DarkoIn storytelling, monsters are used to express the fears and worries of humans. They allow us to discover our values by questioning our morals through imagination and illusion. In both Donnie Darko and Pan’s Labyrinth illustrating real-life monsters Captain Videl and Jim Cunningham enhances our fear of monsters. These villains symbolize the vulnerability we feel as we identify ourselves with the victims of the attack. We can relate each example of monsters to an evolution of our fears throughout our lives. The fear we have of monsters stems from the idea that our moral imaginations shape the danger inside these beastly beings. As children, our vulnerability came from our fears of losing security. The monsters hiding under our beds taunted us with the threat that we’d be eaten and would never see our parents or that our most valued possession would be taken from us. This juvenile fear is illustrated in Pan’s Labyrinth through Captain Videl. He encompasses the threats we felt as children by being controlling and dominating, as he manipulates Pan and she loses her innocence. As we mature and the limits of our moral boundaries widen, the term â€Å"monster† evolves into something more complex. As we enter into adolescence, and later into adulthood, our fears become something less to do with security and more to do with a threat to our happiness. Our moral imagination evokes fears of defeat and failure, a fear that we formulate in ourselves. As we grow older, we also fear the world and others that we cannot control. In Donnie Darko, Jim Cunningham, embodies our fears of a predator. He is the real-life monster we fear everyday with his complex, dark and twisted secrets. Ultimately, both Donnie Darko and Pan’s Labyrinth effectively embody our illusions of fear from childhood to adulthood.

Elements of Childhood in Platos Lysis :: essays research papers

Childhood in the Ancient world was viewed in somewhat of a different light then in the post Greco-Roman world of Europe circa the Medieval age. For this very reason the attitude, language, and style of the writings that are found from the Ancient world must be considered in the context of their time period. Classical Greek writers like Plato comprised extensive works detailing their own teachings through plays or epic poems. Plato commonly would write plays in which his teacher, the famous philosopher Socrates, would commence in extensive dialogue and debate with several other characters. As a student of Socrates, Plato viewed his teacher as a great man who’s teachings were worthy of documentation and most of the present-day knowledge of Socrates’ works are through the writings of Plato. In addition to the philosophical merits of these works, they are also of great importance because they provide the reader with a first-hand look at the attitudes of the Ancient Greeks towards such things as the ancient idea of Childhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lysis,† written by Plato in approximately 380 BCE (the exact year is unknown) is an in depth look, through the teachings of Socrates, at the nature of friendship, desire, usefulness and personal identity. This work is relevant to our course about childhood because the characters in the dialogue that Socrates is speaking with are youths. Socrates reveals through his teachings many of the ancient attitudes towards different aspects of â€Å"childhood.† It is quite apparent that this outlook on children more closely resembles the later ideas of the Renaissance, rather than those found in Medieval history. Due to the obsession with knowledge and learning found in both the Classical and Renaissance eras, those who partook in the learning, the youth of society, held a much higher standing in society than the children of the plague-ridden society of the 14th and early 15th century. This specific work by Plato is particularly interesting and relevant because in the text Socrates talks about childhood in great extent and he seems to have a great appreciation for the young men in Greek society. Socrates also employs a much different style of teaching than that is found in later Judeo-Christian society of Europe. Plato describes this method with great admiration as he writes, â€Å"Socrates maintains his character of a 'know nothing;' but the boys have already learned the lesson which he is unable to teach them, and they are free from the conceit of knowledge.

Operations Management Essay

Introduction A conventional â€Å"bricks and mortar† grocery does not have an online presence, only a physical one. It is built on a face-to-face customer service, and usually always has a building for their operations. A â€Å"brick and mortar† grocery has advantages and disadvantages compared to an online operation, like Theorganicgrocer.com. First of all, their major disadvantage is the overhead. The cost of property, insurance, taxes and staff is much higher for a â€Å"brick and mortar† operation than an online operation. The biggest advantage for a â€Å"brick and mortar† operation is customer security. To a customer, if a company has physical presence, it is seen as more reliable as the company is far less likely to fold overnight and disappear. Online operations on the other hand seem to have maximum exposure and increased profits. Most people however, seem to be under the impression that running an online operation will be an easy task but it can be somewhat challenging. Online operations require less investment and more decision making. Decisions are practically the biggest investments made in the online world. Decisions on what the website should look like, how the products are going to be listed, in which way should the products be marketed would have to be made. Theorganicgrocer.com is based on market research and they focus on dependability, reliability, timeliness, quality, and price. They offer delivery, organic produce and customer specified date and time of delivery. Apart from that, they make sure that their website is constantly updated to reflect the current price. They believe that the key to their success is the simplicity of use of their website. Question 1 What are the comparative operational differences of a conventional â€Å"bricks and mortar† grocery to an online operation? What are the comparative value chains for each system? Comparative Operations| Bricks and Mortar Operation| Online Operation| Display | Customers are able to physically touch and handle items that they are interested in buying.| Customers can only see pictures, graphics and texts that describe the product that they are interested in buying.| Expense| Usually require a bigger budget to lease space, rent property and to pay for other location expenses. | Smaller budget as they do not have to worry about building leases or property expense.| Location| Has a physical business location which limits the amount of customer traffic and foot traffic from shoppers, especially if they are not in a bigger city or metro area| They are not limited to one location and have no geographical boundaries.They can service local, national, and international customers.| Communication| There is face to face interaction with customers. | It is hard to communicate with customers through an online store.Online retailers may have a hard time getting information acr oss to the customer and must be sure to answer all possible questions by the customers through text and graphics on the site so there is no confusion during the purchase. | Technology | Uses the same technology that has been around for years and rarely changes.| Technology is constantly changing and there is a need to keep up and adjust accordingly. | Inventory| Has a large amount of Inventory on hand. Re-orders before the inventory runs out and there is a shortage of stock.| Has a lesser amount of Inventory on hand.Only re-orders when customers request for it.| Work Hours| Have traditional or at least set hours. This helps local customers know when the business is open.| Has varying or non-traditional hours. This is helpful when dealing with an international customer as it accommodates with their time zone. | Reliability| There is a sense of trust and reliability that comes with having your own brick and mortar store.Customers still feel safer buying from a store.| Customers do not feel safe as there are shady websites everywhere.| In a â€Å"brick and mortar† operation, there are primary activities and support activities Primary activities are directly concerned with the creation or delivery of a product or service and can be grouped into five main areas: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. Each of these primary activities is linked to support activities, which help to improve their effectiveness or efficiency. There are four main areas of support activities: procurement, technology development (including R&D), human resource management, and infrastructure (systems for planning, finance, quality, information management etc.). The chain consists of a series of activities that create and build value. They conclude in the total value delivered by an organisation. The ‘margin’ depicted in the diagram is the same as added value which expresses the way a business differentiates itself through configuration of its value chain. The drivers for product differentiation and value creation are policy choices (what activities to perform and how), linkages (within the value chain or with suppliers and channels), timing (of activities), location, sharing of activities amongst business units’ learning, integration, scale and institutional factors. Eg: – Inbound Logistics (receiving and storing materials for distribution for production) Registration * Provide information Eg.: -Categories Product -Build Database -Paypal Operations (transforms inputs into finished products) Eg.: Advertisement Value Chain Model of E-bay Sales and Marketing (promoting and selling the product) Outbound Logistics (entails storing and distributing finished products) Eg: -Removed Product Eg: -Before Sale Service Service (maintenance and repair of the firm’s goods and services) -Shipment -After Sale Service The ‘Virtual Value Chain’ However in an online operation, value chain goes through three phases. The first phase is Visibility, where businesses co-ordinate, measure and at times control business processes. The second phase is Mirroring Capability, where physical steps in the value chain are substituted with virtual ones to make a parallel value chain in the marketplace with methods that are better, faster, more flexible, and lower at cost. The third stage happens when companies use the flow of information in their virtual value chain to create new customer relationships by delivering value to customers in new ways. There are different approaches to changing the value chain and it is not necessarily shorter. This is called Intermediation. In some cases however, one or two links have been removed in the value chain. For example, a business that had previously sold to retailers via distributors might make a decision to sell direct automatically. This approach is called Disintermediation. In shortening the value chain, it reduces costs and there is a more responsive and efficient service. Online businesses also at times, introduce new steps to the value chain as new players find fresh ways to add value to the process. This is known as Reintermediation. Examples of online operations that take this approach are shopping portals and electronic insurance brokers. The creation of new intermediaries that could not have existed before the arrival of the online business and the Internet is called Cybermediation. Cybermediation comes in categories, including Searching, Price Discovery, Logistics, Settlement and Trust. Examples of online operations that use cybermediation are comparison-shopping sites such as Kelkoo and bank account aggregation services like Citibank. Theorganicgrocer.com bases their business on market research. The payments made by the customers are made online using a protected encrypted facility administered by a national bank. Apart from that, they have a vehicle route that makes sure that deliveries are maximized, and aggregated ordering of stock that only produces products that are ordered and purchased by customers. Theorganicgrocer.com also has a financial system which is a computer application that calculates all the generated profits and all its other needs. There is also another separate computer package that generates advertising material and mail-outs. Question 2 What are the key processes in the online operation? Providing Efficient Services Online operations basically simplifies life for those who do not enjoy shopping, those who are too stressed from work to shop in supermarkets and stores by combining technology with business strategy. Online businesses provide efficient service that eradicates most of the steps in traditional shopping. Online shoppers go on websites while being able to view pictures and descriptions of the product. Customers also have the option of selecting specific items by name, to work from established personal shopping profiles or lists, and to browse through electronic aisles. Apart from that, online operations make it easier for customers by accepting payment in more than one method such as, credit cards, bank debit cards, electronic funds transfers, personal cheques, and money orders. For example, eBay is a company operating on the Internet that allows for vendors of any kind to auction or sell merchandise of a variety of types. People and companies from across the world use eBay to sell items on the website. This allows people shopping for items to search through the various offerings, make bids, or opt to make direct purchases. It has become a great location for looking for hard to locate items, like collectibles. Many people also use the site to search for bargains on used items such as electronics, small household appliances and others. With the exception of a few illegal to sell things, at any given time eBay has a huge selection. Customers can shop by category and by specific item, or they can simply browse listings. Assembling Online Orders Apart from that, online operations will also assemble orders from online shoppers. There are mainly two common models for assembling the online orders, which are the warehouse and store model. A business usually uses a company-owned and operated central distribution warehouse to store, pick up and pack orders for delivery using the warehouse model. The warehouse model is popular among online operations as it reduces overhead costs, generates the lowest-fees possible to customers, and is very efficient. With the store model, orders are picked off the shelves of local retail stores or supermarkets. Grocery Gateway, an online grocery operation uses a direct-to-consumer online shopping model, which is the warehouse model as it uses a market centre to store, pick, and pack the ordered groceries for delivery. The model has a supply chain management system that lets groceries be delivered directly from Grocery Gateway’s market centre to consumers’ doors. The company’s Customer Fulfilment Centre that provides an extensive selection of food, grocery products, and household goods, which improves the company’s inventory and delivery management. The centre also helps manage the company’s growth by allowing more space capacity and helping to improve the company’s accuracies by using technologically advanced radio frequency picking tools, conveyors, and scanners to make sure the processing of orders is fast and accurate. Delivery Lastly, online operations offer delivery. Some online businesses have a delivery computer program that provides time management information and point-to-point directions throughout delivery. The program takes traffic conditions, rush-hour volume, road construction, and other uncertainties that can be predicted into account. Some companies require customers to be at home to wait for the delivery. Not many can be able to stay at home; therefore, other companies offer the option of unattended delivery.

Lack of Self Esteem

Self esteem is defined as regarding oneself as a worthwhile person or a positive evaluation of oneself. Let's examine African adolescents self-esteem based on the following facts; parental marital status, income, family structure and functioning. Is it possible that the above mentioned facts could affect a confidence that is supposed to come from oneself? I believe these facts greatly affect the self-esteem in African boys and girls in different but very significant ways. I choose this topic because it interested me and I'll be free to express my feelings, and I willl like to help those adolescents who are lacking self-esteem with these essay because I know how it feels. I must first start my essay with pointing out where the problem originates. Having grown up in a single parent, middle class income family and being the oldest of two children, I feel that I can now understand why I sometimes felt inadequate with myself. The unspoken pressure to make my mom proud and be a â€Å"good† big sister created this inadequacy. This study definitely helped me understand this pressure and proved that unlike my thought at the time, I was not the only teenager going through this enormous drop in self-esteem. I mentioned some major facts that surrounds lack of self-esteem, 1. the parental marital status,2. the income and 3. the family structure and 4. Family Functioning. these are the functioning perspectives. First, that the self-esteem of boys and girls (boys especially) would be highly affected by their parents’ marital status. Second, that both genders would have higher quality of family functioning than single parent households. The third prediction concluded that the effects of marital status on self-esteem would be less if family income was statistically matched with other families. The last hypothesis predicted that family functioning had a greater effect on self-esteem than family structure. The sample consisted of 200 fifteen year old African children from western part Nigeria with 74 being girls and the remainder boys. Parents were only included in study to provide income and marital status information. Half of the parents were married, 38% were divorced and 12% were single mothers (no single fathers were used). The average household income was #57,500, 20% of the sample had an income less than 20,000 and 35% made over 35,000 a year. The tests that were used to measure the self-esteem and the family functioning measurement of the students were the Multi-Dimensional Self Esteem Inventory (MDSEI) and the Family Environment Scale (FES). The MDSEI is a 200 question test used to assess the individual aspects of self-esteem in each child. These aspects are feelings of competence, personal power, lovability, likeability, self-control, moral self-approval, and body functioning. The FES consists of 90 true or false type questions to determine the environment within the family and it’s functioning. This test has proven accurate many times with African families even though the norms were determined from 285 predominately middle and upper class European American families. Each child was given $10 to partake in the tests and took them whenever was convenient. The results showed that boys with parents who are divorced are mainly at risk of developing a low self-esteem. It also showed that family functioning was directly related to self-esteem in both boys and girls. I believe that this experiment was set up and conducted very well. The experimenters used a sample that was proven to be representative of the population they sought to test, and used testing methods that were tried and true. Testing conditions were not kept controlled but this probably had a minimal effect on the children’s responses. There were no noticeable errors in the experimentation other than the small sample used and its limited application one locale.

Preparation narrative report Essay Essays

Preparation narrative report Essay Essays Preparation narrative report Essay Paper Preparation narrative report Essay Paper My experience in shipboard is really memorable for me. every twenty-four hours your traveling to prize it. My experience goes this manner. trip to Manila. I’m really excited and when at the port i’m really defeated because our CoOJT’s from LPU Laguna is some sort of â€Å"maarte† and we met our STO Sir Joepet a really sort STO and I truly like him. When we embark at the ship I feel a small spot nervous but non because of I’m of I’m afraid that the ship is traveling to drop while afoot I’m afraid of what if I can’t do all undertaking that they are traveling to give us. After repairing our things we go directly to the multi intent room for our orientation. after that our STO gave us a clip to familiarisation we proceed to the Island Fiesta where the tourer adjustment eat their repast. We woke up really early and to be exact 2am for us non to be tardily in our responsibility. We are 14 so we 7 braces and my spouse is Erika my beloved friend. Our first responsibility is at the Island Fiesta. its truly a Fiesta because of 80 % of the riders ate at Island Fiesta. our clip of responsibility is 10hrs but its s broken sched were in we have a clip to rest. in Island Fiesta it measures how long your forbearance is. how good you are in selling and converting power gross revenues talk. at first I’m shy but when I find it exciting and merriment I truly bask it I truly do my best to name all attendings of the riders and we have a good gross revenues. after that I was assigned to dining and I do snoging out are foremost complicated and difficult to make but at the terminal I enjoy even if the other riders are annoying and raging. Second responsibility is housekeeping I truly bask it particularly the rubbish out things and bed doing even though the one casual is snob I still bask and in our 3rd responsibility in Quik Mart we sell bites and beverages we shout and shout walk and walk. sometimes could by riders and sometimes the riders get mad of us because we can’t understand them. and their pronunciations is really difficult to understand. Forth responsibility at the front office I got huffy because in whole responsibility we merely stand at that place after our responsibility my legs achings. Our 5th responsibility is at the galley or kitchen I truly bask it the chefs are really sort they are all accessible and amusing they make us laugh the whole responsibility. and the undertaking they gave us to slit 100 kg bittergourd and skining other staff. And nutrient in ship is errr! sometimes tasteless sometimes they are really rich in salt. and the nutrient is merely the same the whole OJT. And the casuals ar e really nice and sort unlike the other trainees seems they are the director or supervisor. -Angelica DominguezHRM 3A â€Å"My Magical Experience on Shipboard† May 14. 2014 was the twenty-four hours when we leave Nueva Ecija and travel to Tondo. Manila ( North Harbor Pier4 ) to get down our Practicum1 at Ship. On this twenty-four hours besides was our first ocean trip ( Manila to Cagayan de Oro ) . when we already board at the ship. the first thing we do is run into and recognize our STO Mr. Joepet Gallego discussed and issued the regulations and ordinances while were on the ship every bit good as our agenda and we besides had our circuit on ship to familiarized every section of the ship. On the following twenty-four hours. May 15. 2014 we already started our first responsibility at Island Fiesta nutrient tribunal wherein we bussed out. we served etc. . . On my first twenty-four hours on the ship I fell tiring. but when the twenty-four hours had been passed I enjoyed every second. minute. hr and yearss with my co-trainees. I already learned to love what I am making because they all treated me good particularly casuals. they treated us good. We learned a batch from them and we will neer bury this experience. I can state everybody that this experience is charming because it helps me to turn up and go a full-blown one. -Erica PortacioHRM 3A I was so aroused that we experienced being a portion of 2GO TRAVEL. it was so nice because all of them the insouciant. the crew particularly to our STO. all of them. they are so really sort. They portion us their cognition and experiences at the ship. During the 1st and last twenty-four hours of our responsibility we enjoyed being a trainee together with my spouse. I learned a batch on this preparation that you need to handle all riders good. esteem them and demo them that they are welcome. and even when rider say bad words all you can make is smile show to them that looks like nothings happen. I experience in this ship that its difficult to go a employee because even they are tired no affair what’you need to welcome them with a beautiful smiling. This On-the-job preparation experienced was really happy because it was my second clip to go on board. I could likely state that I truly learned a batch of things there’and I can besides state acquisition is non merely seen in the four corners of the room. I am hapy and proud because we finish our responsibility and it is a great memory to retrieve in our college life. -Princess TagaroHRM 3B Having my OJT at 2GO Travel is truly enjoy. I’ve learned a batch particularly in clip direction. We duty in the 6o’clock in the forenoon. so we need to wake up early. We learned how to socialise in other people. I gained more cognition about my class. I gained more friends because the bonding in our room. And we enjoy to travel other topographic points here in the Philippines. When we are on the ship. they taught us about the history. mission and vision of the company. corporate values. vass. installations and services of our prescribed logistic company. They besides told us about the preparation regulations and ordinances. basic house regulations and criterions like the criterions of courtesy and decorousness on board. unvarying demands and grooming criterions. Besides familiarize with the safety dismay. marks and symbols. Most of all. we are really happy because our Shipboard Training Officer is really nice. he take attention of us while we are on our responsibility. And all of the employee in the ship is really friendly. This is really memorable experience in my OJT. -Mariel MirandaHRM 3B As an Hrm Student. we were required to take On-the-job preparation related to our class. I decided to take my Ojt at MVSJP II. a vas from 2Go travel. I started my Ojt on May 14. 2014. On our first twenty-four hours on the ship. we took a talk headed by our STO or Shipboard Training Officer. Mr. Joepet Gallego. so he gave us our assignments of responsibilities. Our responsibilities revolved on Food and Beverage. Housekeeping. and Front Office Department. On the Food and Beverage Department. I have experienced a batch of plants from snoging out dishes. functioning nutrients. puting up the tabular array. and kitchen plants. I can state that I’ve learned clump of things there like the proper manner of speaking to the clients and to work grace under force per unit area. On the Housekeeping Department. we cleaned. took out rubbish. and do â€Å" bed making† on the different adjustments of the ship. I have applied my cognition on bed doing which I have learned from school and made my work easier. Besides. on this section. we have assigned to help riders to their suites or adjustments. this was really enjoying because I was able to run into different people. On the Front Office. it was a must to ever have on your smiling in every state of affairs. I have learned here to ever remain unagitated and polite to the invitees whatever their temper was. I have besides learned the proper manner of preparing myself. The whole Ojt experience for me was really ambitious but fun. I have practiced and developed a batch of my accomplishments. As a trainee. I’ve learned to follow purely on instructions. I improved my ego assurance and somehow became more sociable to people. I’ve learned to go flexible. to move professional and be polite at all times. I became cognizant to handling the customer’s right. I’ve learned to bask my work and my workplace. and to bask working with the people around me. I can state that I gained a batch of cognition that I can use in the close hereafter. and I can state that I chose the right the class for me. 2go Travel’s MVSJP II offers good working environment. which made my experience really basking. -Samantha Ellaine BeltranHRM 3B Performs other maps as may be given by my supervisor from clip to clip and keep cleanliness and methodicalness of assigned at all times. serves repasts to the riders following to the proper nutrient handling processs and aids in the requisition and issue of stock from the shop room and performs implicative merchandising technique to increase gross revenues and ensures that no unauthorised forces take out functioning from the nutrient on show for sale and free repasts and line performs other maps as may be given by the housework supervisor from to clip. -Verna SalamancaHRM 3B The first clip I saw the ship I felt nervous and aroused. when the clip the ship is ongoing that dark I don’t know what I truly experience. The dark besides I can’t sleep because I feel a small round scared because of the ship is rocking. The first twenty-four hours of my responsibility is in Quik mart. my spouse is Benjie Cardenas. He is besides my spouse in my whole OJT in the Saint Pope John Paul II. Every twenty-four hours in my responsibility we enjoyed together. the casual of the ship and my carbon monoxide trainee from other school. I’m really grateful. blessed and happy for being a portion of the shipboard preparation. 15 yearss working difficult but full of larning and besides felicity. A batch of minutes one time in a life-time. I can state that my OJT will neer bury in my whole life. -Byron MacalinaoHRM 2B My on-the-job preparation experienced is really happy because that is my first clip to go the diff. parts of the Philippines. At first. I felt so aroused and besides nervous. Our first twenty-four hours in the ship is merely an orientation. My first experience in OJT preparation. me and Byron assigned in Quik Mart. I feel diffident and nervous. the we sell dressing. we enjoy it because purportedly turned merely similar gypsy. Second twenty-four hours in housekeeping besides we assigned. We meet Sir Toto. he is the kindest crew. he taught the technique in how to bed doing etc. We experienced to wipe up a stairway. we besides assign ports. It is non easy because it’s excessively many riders need to help but it is all right because we requested the hotel director assigned. We besides experienced the Island Fiesta hard because excessively many riders eating. Besides taught proper coach out. I enjoy it even fatigue. We besides dropped in Cagayan to purchase goods and besides flesh out. nutrient trip. The street nutrient in Cagayan was really delightful. Then in Cebu we go to the most of import antediluvian church and the Magellan’s Cross. -Benjie CardenasHRM 2B During my OJT. I learned how to be a responsible in my ain manner. on the first twenty-four hours of my OJT. I feel nervous but I’m so excited. I learned how to love. attention and esteem our client. Me and my spouse experience or meet some tests or jobs but we solve it because we helped each other. This OJT is unforgettable minute and I can state that this is one of the best portion of my college life. -Jommel CabaHRM 2A I have a batch of experience at the 2GO Travel Shipboard. First. to entertain guest. if what they need in the forepart desk. Second. on how to function the nutrient and to bus out. Third. to sell a merchandise even though it’s expensive to the other invitee. but they obligated to but it. Fourth. on how to bed doing. to clean the cabin or adjustment. Fifth. at the galley or kitchen. I cut a batch of veggies and sometimes my ain finger ? . And of class. the casuals and our STO. their so good to us. they like friends. brothers and sisters to us. But all in all I enjoyed. that was a best experient I’ve of all time feel. I will non bury those experience at 2GO Travel. and I will missed them. Thank YOU! ! -Princess Cammille FerrerHRM 2D At first I feel nervous because I don’t have any thought on what we do while were remaining at that place but so there’s a feeling that I’m so excited to experiencing onboard. Then. we met Mr. Joepet Gallego our Shipboard Training Officer ( STO ) . His a nice individual. he tours us onboard so he learn us everything onboard. adjustment and other installations. On my first responsibility. we assigned at the front office. I feel world-weary ? but the twenty-four hours past. we all acquiring haggard. we need to woke up every bit early as 3am to set up ourselves for mundane responsibility. I experience a batch of thing that on shipboard experience. At first. yeah it’s so difficult to work particularly on Island Fiesta but clip after clip it’s become easy because we enjoyed what we’re making. Two hebdomads was done. I feel bad because I know I will missed my yearss with other OJT’s. the casuals that teach us how to work easy and most partic ularly I missed my new friends. the individual who make me laugh every clip even we’re tired we have a clip to speak on everyone’s experienced ? -Jaymie NatividadHRM 2D Last May 14. our OJT start. The name of our ship is MV St. Pope John Paul II. During the twenty-four hours of my responsibilities I felt so nervous and excited particularly on the first twenty-four hours because I am a first timer so they teach me how to help invitee and function client. Then after a long clip of being there I learned the diff. ways/ techniques on how to cover with the client. Having a successfully completed 300 hours of OJT on the ship I learned a batch of things like on how to socialise with other people. I easy command my pique to the clients that are really demanding and non speak nicely. -Aira Jane CanlasHRM 2D During our On the Job Training at MV Saint Pope John Paul II. we were assign at eight different types of countries at the shipboard like Front Office. Quick Mart. Galley. Horizon. Island Fiesta. Cabin. Mega Value and Super Value. Every twenty-four hours we have a rotary motion for those different countries. First hebdomad of our practicum at the shipboard was non easy for me because every twenty-four hours we have to the different sort of undertaking for that country. so the crew teach us like on housework at the cabin we learned the bed devising. towel folding and on different suites we besides do cleaning riders room. the comfort room and we besides do junk out. At the Front Desk. we were great and help the riders about their concerned. at Restaurant like Horizon and Island Fiesta we were functioning nutrients for the clients. bass out. rinsing dishes and cleaning the tabular array. we are besides selling nutrients and drinks at the Quik Mart. All Crew teach us good for what we were making on their country and they treat us like their household besides our STO Mr. Joepet Gallego who rounded every hr to see were making. look into our attending and attention for us when one of us are ill. we met a batch of pupil in different schools they are our co-trainees. Practicum at MVSJP was unforgettable we were good trained and larn to be organized for every facet. We learned to be patient and command our pique because we were fall ining a batch of people every twenty-four hours who have different attitude. For all of that we heighten our assurance. socialisation and accomplishments. -Nelissa PazHRM 2D DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES A. Front OfficeApply client service accomplishmentsFacilitate enrollment and rooming-in of inviteesHandle guest’s petitions and enquiriesManage safety sedimentation boxes and lost and found serviceAid in the in-house amusement servicesClean and form the Front Office B. First Class Dining Saloon/ HorizonApply client service accomplishmentsCarry out nutrient assigningTake guests’ ordersServe guests’ ordersBus out dishesWash the dishesClean the First Class Dining Saloon C. Economy Dining Saloon/ Island FiestaApply client service accomplishmentsCarry out nutrient assigningCarry out sanitation and hygiene criterions on Food and Beverage countries Bus out dishesWash the dishesClean the Economy Dining Saloon D. Ship Shop/ Quik MartApply client service accomplishmentsSell MerchandiseClean Ship ShopMake gross revenues study E. GalleyCarry out review of finished merchandise prior to serving to clients Apply proper managing of nutrients for bringingClean cutter. pots and the galley equipmentCarry out proper storage processs like screening. labelling. FIFO Method Prepare natural stuffs for nutrient processing F. Housekeeping- CabinApply client service accomplishmentsPerform housework reviewsClean guests’ adjustmentsClean public toilets in cabinsMake-up bed G. Housekeeping-Tatami/ Mega ValueApply client service accomplishmentsPerform housework reviewsClean guests’ adjustmentsClean public comfort roomClean hallway countries H. Housekeeping-Economy/ Super ValueClean hallway countriesClean anterooms and sing decksApply client service accomplishmentsPerform housework reviewsClean guests’ adjustmentsClean public comfort room

Methamphetamine Addicted Babies

Methamphetamine Addicted Babies Free Online Research Papers One of the worst things morally the world has ever seen is to see a woman give birth to a baby addicted to meth-amphetamines. Children don’t ask to be brought into this world but for mothers to abuse the privilege and blessing of being a parent and endanger the child like that is despicable. Meth-amphetamines have a colossally destructive effect on fetuses and newborn babies and the damage done tends to last a lifetime. Mothers who begin using meth-amphetamines early in their pregnancy have a great chance of having a baby with brain strokes or pre-birth strokes. Mothers who use meth-amphetamines also have an increased risk of delivering an underweight baby. A â€Å"meth baby† is more at risk to health/environmental hazards than any normal adult. They have immature organ systems, faster metabolic rates, and weaker immune systems. They eat more food, drink more fluids and breathe more air per pound of body weight. Because they are less able to protect themselves , their reckless behaviors expose them to more hazards. Such babies are often neglected, hungry and thin, can have toxic residue on their skin, have respiratory problems and suffer emotional problems. Babies that are born addicts are damaged emotionally and socially also. Upon birth, a meth baby is taken away from it’s mother. The mother isn’t charged with a crime but in order to get her baby back, the mother has to get treatment and prove to the court that she can stay sober. If she cannot stay sober, her parental rights are then terminated and the child is placed up for adoption. One of the worst instances of methamphetamine addicted newborns is in Anoka County, Minnesota. There, at least one baby a week is born addicted to meth-amphetamines. This means that within one month, as many as eleven babies are born with meth in their systems. In conclusion, methamphetamine addicted babies are an all too constant occurrence in this nation. It damages the health and well-being of the mother and of the child more importantly. It is a sad truth and hopefully in the future, it will be erased. Research Papers on Methamphetamine Addicted BabiesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCapital PunishmentThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

Velvet Ant Facts

Velvet Ant Facts Velvet ants are part of class Insecta and are found worldwide. They get their name from the bright, fuzzy fur on their bodies. For example, Dasymutilla occidentalis (red velvet ant) is derived from the Greek root word meaning shaggy (dasy). Fast Facts: Velvet Ants Scientific Name: MutillidaeCommon Names: Velvet AntOrder: HymenopteraBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateDistinguishing Characteristics: Black or brown bodies with bright red or orange velvety hairSize: 0.25-0.8 inchesDiet: Bumblebee larvae, nectarHabitat: Desert, meadows, fields, forest edgesConservation Status: Not assessedFun Fact: Red velvet ants are often called cow killers because their stings were said to be powerful enough to kill a cow. Description Velvet ants are wasps that get their name from the velvety fur on their bodies and are not very aggressive. Females do not have wings and walk along the ground for food, while the males have transparent wings and look more like wasps. Females possess curved stingers that extend from the abdomen and can sting multiple times. In some species, such as cow killer ants, their stingers have venom. Although the venom is not particularly toxic, the sting will hurt. Males do not have stingers, but they do have pointed pseudo stingers. Additionally, velvet ants have hard exoskeletons, and their bodies consist of a thorax and abdomen, both of which have short hairs. These ants are between 0.25 and 0.8 inches in size, and they have six legs and antenna. Habitat and Distribution Velvet ants are found worldwide. Some, like the red velvet ant, are mainly found throughout the U.S., but especially in dry regions. They gravitate towards open areas like fields, meadows, and even lawns. However, because velvet ants are parasitic, they will appear wherever their host species, such as bumblebees and wasps, live. Diet and Behavior Velvet Ant searching for prey. Â  rkhphoto/iStock/Getty Images Adult velvet ants consume nectar and water from flowers like milkweed. They may also consume larvae and adult insects, such as flies and beetles. Young velvet ants eat the body of their host as well as its larvae or cocoons. Females are most often found scurrying along the ground looking for nests of host species, while males are found on flowers. Velvet ants are relatively solitary creatures and are most active at dusk/night. These wasps are not normally aggressive and will not sting unless aggravated. Males and females can make squeaking sounds by rubbing abdominal segments against each other as a warning sign or when trapped. As parasites, they attack bumblebee nests, other kinds of wasp nests, and even fly and beetle nests to implant their eggs into them. While females spend most of their time searching for any sign of nests, males are usually spotted flying above the ground in search of a mate. Reproduction and Offspring Males fly close to the ground in search of potential mates and try to detect pheromones the females secrete. After mating, and to ensure the survival of her offspring, females search for and infiltrate ground nests of bumblebees and wasps to lay their eggs. Once a suitable host is located, the female lays her one to two eggs in the hosts larvae. She chooses larvae that have completed feeding and are ready for pupation by cutting through the cocoon and laying her eggs inside. The young will then grow and emerge from the host. The young eat their host, spend the winter in cocoons they spin within the case of the host, and emerge as adults in late spring. From the time they hatch, these young are on their own. One generation of velvet ants per female is likely produced each year. Species Velvet Ant. Â  fitopardo.com/Moment/Getty Images Insects in the family Mutillidae are considered velvet ants due to the similar salient features of the females- wingless and with velvety fur. About 8,000 species have been reported worldwide in the family Mutillidae, with 435 species located in the southern and western parts of North America. The most common species in this family is Dasymutilla occidentalis, which is known as the cow killer. Depending on the location, different species will have different sizes of males and females. In most species, the males are typically larger than the females, but six species found in Florida have similar sizes between males and females. Conservation Status Velvet ants have not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and are not considered pests because they rarely invade homes. Sources Cow Killer (Dasymutilla Occidentalis). Insect Identification, 2019, https://www.insectidentification.org/insect-description.asp?identificationCow-Killer.Cowkiller Velvet Ant. Aquarium Of The Pacific, 2019, aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/cowkiller_velvet_ant.Mutillidae - Velvet Ants. Featured Creatures, 2019, https://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/wasps/mutillidae.htm. Velvet Ant | Insect. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/animal/velvet-ant.Velvet Ants. Insects In The City, 2019, https://citybugs.tamu.edu/factsheets/biting-stinging/wasps/ent-3004/.Velvet Ants, A.K.A Cow Killers Ants. Pestworld.Org, 2019, https://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/stinging-insects/velvet-ants-cow-killers/.

Development of Arab Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Development of Arab Film - Essay Example However, the Quran does not have instructions on the subject giving Arab cinema creators a chance to come up with pieces that include a man and beast character. The cinema producers are prohibited by Islam from using images that are works of Satan. The minor religious objection led to the development of film in Arab. Symbolism is used to develop relations between characters and the plot of the films. Traditional Arab culture did not recognize symbolism in both fine arts and literary genres such as classical poetry ( Shafik 61). Lack of symbolism recognition in Arab films then paved way for western film influence. The films began to integrate symbols into Arab’s literary creations. The process brought meaning to symbols used in Arab fills that would depend on different elements to fix images. The influence of western films came in to teach the directors how to come up with symbols with unambiguous statements. The major forms or elements of popular theatre in Arab films include performers, audience, director, theatre space, design elements, and dramatic action personified in the text. The elements were initially developed by the activities of the actors, actresses, and directors who combined effort to create plays with public appeal. For instance, a play such as Kish Kish bey was adapted for the film but the play was a success due to a combined effort of the stars (Shafik 72). The films were directed for Arab and international audience after World War II. The dramatic actions, design elements, and arrangement of theatre space were influenced by elements of European theatre.  

Management Project Economic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management Project Economic Analysis - Essay Example The process has a byproduct of poly-di-isopropyl-benzene, which is easily separated by fractionation section. The byproduct is produced by an additional reactor. In order to attain a lower cost and higher purity, recycle streams are used in the process. Further, temperature regulation is essential since the reaction occurs at high temperatures.  The process has a byproduct of poly-di-isopropyl-benzene, which is easily separated by fractionation section. The byproduct is produced by an additional reactor. In order to attain a lower cost and higher purity, recycle streams are used in the process. Further, temperature regulation is essential since the reaction occurs at high temperatures.   With reference to economic analysis, FCI has a total of 16.53 M$ that comprises of 14.53 M$ ISBL and 2.0 M$ OSBL. As such, cash flow statement indicates that the payments will be rendered in full amounts within three years. Both the furnace and heat exchanger use ISBL while the feed tank uses OSB L. The impact of net present value (NPVO) on CumCF in a period of 3.2 years is 150.72 M$ and NPV 12 with an interest of 15% is 552.46 M$. The IRR is 24.28 % with a payback of 3.2 years, which implies that this project is viable and profitable.   Considering economic sensitivities, FCI changes because of utilities and product price. From the information gathered, this project is profitable since the involved product is worth and FCI is low in terms of the cost of the product and raw material. The quantitative comparison indicates that changes in product price and FCI are critical and sensitive.   In conclusion, this project is sensitive to product price changes, as well as FCI changes. However, the project is viable and profitable. Nevertheless, there is a need to gather economic information on Cumene price changes and establish the demand for the product. For now, there is a need to increase the production rate of the product.  

Sexuality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sexuality - Term Paper Example Biology, culture and ecology influences various aspects of sexuality and intimacy in the Aka and Ngandu communities of central Africa; for instance, human beings have inborn tendencies to feel sexual desire, thus, an unconscious drive to reproduce, and to sustain the survival of their species (Hewlett Bonnie and Hewlett Barry 46). In this respect, both men and women in the Aka and Ngandu communities are biologically predisposed to express sexuality and intimate relations like all other species; culturally, the two communities idea of sexuality and intimate relations is the ability to procreate and to sustain the communities through the birth of new babies. In this respect, both men and women in Aka and Ngandu communities play specific gender roles that have been pre-determined by their sexuality; because the essence of sexuality and intimacy is to create children, men, and women couple up for procreation, and sex is not for pleasure but a night work in search of babies. However, Aka wife-husband relations are more intimate, close, giving, unlike the case for Ngandu (Hewlett Bonnie and Hewlett Barry 52); Aka husband and wife stick together in many net subsistence activities such as hunting, and fathers provide regular childcare. Whereas Aka men and women express affection by working together in close proximity, Ngandu women consider gifts from their husbands as a sign of affection and the men, the respect of their authority. Q2 There has been evidence of progressively changing attitudes towards acceptance of homosexuality in the Canadian society, with the pervasiveness of this sexual behavior in the country. In Canada, the proportion of people who support homosexuality has grown rapidly in recent years by at least ten points since 2007, especially because religion is not central in people’s lives; currently, about 80 percent of Canadians are tolerant to homosexuality compared to about 70% back in 2007. Unlike in Canada, where society is more tolerant towards homosexuality, the Aka and Ngandu communities have very negative attitudes towards this sexual practice and they remain strongly opposed to the practice. In Aka and Ngandu communities, sexuality is defined by very strict and rigid socio-cultural norms, which enforce the appropriate sexual behavior among individuals; the primary role of intimate relationships is procreation, thus, acceptable unions are those that can fulfill this societal expecta tion. However, the Canadian society is more tolerant to homosexuality, particularly because of value changes, and the collapse of conventional family structures; Canadian courts began to legalize same sex marriages back in 2003 (Matthews 841). Q3 According to MacIntosh, Reissing and Andruff (79), the removal of homosexuality from Canada’s criminal code in 1969 was a significant change in the advancement of equal rights and protection of all citizens; in 1996, discrimination of people on the basis of their

Palm INC case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Palm INC - Case Study Example the company, the market of the company, the industry structure of the company, the innovation of the company, the technology of the company, and the marketing strategies of the company so as to be able to further understand how the company was able to make innovations with very little cash flow. Palm, Inc. is headquartered in California, Sunnyvale. It was founded in January 1992 by Jeff Hawkins who was the former vice president of a company called Grid Systems Corporation. He was responsible for the famous pen computers that the company designed. The first product that was developed by Palm, Inc. was sponsored by Tandy Corporation and was called the Zoomer. The handheld device was marketed under the names of Tandy Z-PDA and Casio Z-7000. The products did not do so well commercially. An acquisition was made in 1995 by U.S Robotics Corp. By the year 1998, the founders of Palm, Inc. were not happy and left the company (Zheng and Lionel 229). Palm, Inc. is a company that is known mostly for the handheld devices that it produces and therefore the technology used must be up to par. The company uses computer technology that is referred to as Palm platform. The Palm platform has its own operating system that runs the application software of palm and also runs the application software of a developer who happens to be the third party. There is software that exists that enables the user to use their handwriting using what is called a pen-based interface to write. The software is referred to as the Palm’s handwriting recognition Graffiti ® (Powers 37). Synchronizing of information is something that has made everyone’s life today much easier. Software called HotSync ® has the ability to link hand computing devices with computers or databases and synchronizing the data that one wishes to synchronize. These devices also have memory storage capacity that comes in the form of Random Access Memory software which is computer based memory storage. Software exists that enables

The Concept of Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Concept of Multicultural Education - Essay Example In fact, multicultural education represents a response to the dynamically changing demographic situation observed in the United States. According to the most recent projections, by 2020 approximately 46 percent of the whole public school student population will be children of color and more than 20 percent will be from poor families (Banks, 1997). Evidently, addressing the diverse learning needs of such population is a pressing task faced by the US educational system. However, the monocultural approach that has traditionally been the cornerstone of American education mostly focuses on the values, instructions and content of middle class Eurocentric student population. Such focus substantially complicates the process of learning the academic knowledge for students of different cultural and social background: the incompatibility between the culture of ethnic and social minority students and the educational approach based on the values of majority seriously affects achievement and contributes to academic failure of students (Nielson, 1991). Therefore, an increasingly multicultural student population in the US stresses the need to address the systemic, curricular, and pedagogical barriers that negatively affect academic performance and achievement of minority students. Furthermore, the concept of multicultural education also recognizes that "an increasingly multicultural nation and a shrinking and contentious planet at the edge of the twenty-first cen tury demands a people who are critical thinkers and able to deal with the complexities of multicultural differences" (Hanley, 2002). Many believe that multicultural educational... This paper approves that many believe that multicultural educational policies help students develop new human capabilities and new identities in order to properly respond to the increasing need to recognize cultural diversity. Multicultural education promotes the ideals of cultural and educational equity, social justice thus enabling students to reach their fully potential in learning the curriculum. The idea of multicultural education looks extremely attractive as an effective tool to reinforce the democratic multicultural society and at the same time respect the inclination of different ethnic groups to preserve their cultural traditions. This essay makes a conclusion that multiculturalism definitely has the potential to become a serious tool in reducing discrimination and inequalities in the realm of education. Multicultural education practices often fail to address the difficult task of unifying the society without neglecting the cultural and ethnic traditions of minorities. Moreover, the constantly changing society creates new challenges that can hardly be addressed within the existing framework of multicultural education. However, failure to achieve certain goals does not mean that the concept of multicultural education is futile per se. On the contrary, it should create additional motivation for scholars and teachers to look for innovations and new opportunities to meet the challenges of these days and correct the previous mistakes. Multicultural education must be changed seriously to effectively respond to the needs of this epoch.

Palm INC case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Palm INC - Case Study Example the company, the market of the company, the industry structure of the company, the innovation of the company, the technology of the company, and the marketing strategies of the company so as to be able to further understand how the company was able to make innovations with very little cash flow. Palm, Inc. is headquartered in California, Sunnyvale. It was founded in January 1992 by Jeff Hawkins who was the former vice president of a company called Grid Systems Corporation. He was responsible for the famous pen computers that the company designed. The first product that was developed by Palm, Inc. was sponsored by Tandy Corporation and was called the Zoomer. The handheld device was marketed under the names of Tandy Z-PDA and Casio Z-7000. The products did not do so well commercially. An acquisition was made in 1995 by U.S Robotics Corp. By the year 1998, the founders of Palm, Inc. were not happy and left the company (Zheng and Lionel 229). Palm, Inc. is a company that is known mostly for the handheld devices that it produces and therefore the technology used must be up to par. The company uses computer technology that is referred to as Palm platform. The Palm platform has its own operating system that runs the application software of palm and also runs the application software of a developer who happens to be the third party. There is software that exists that enables the user to use their handwriting using what is called a pen-based interface to write. The software is referred to as the Palm’s handwriting recognition Graffiti ® (Powers 37). Synchronizing of information is something that has made everyone’s life today much easier. Software called HotSync ® has the ability to link hand computing devices with computers or databases and synchronizing the data that one wishes to synchronize. These devices also have memory storage capacity that comes in the form of Random Access Memory software which is computer based memory storage. Software exists that enables

The project of creating Windows as the driving force for Microsoft Essay

The project of creating Windows as the driving force for Microsoft Corp - Essay Example allowed it to come into the market of software for personal computers and in a great extent to create this market. So project of creating Windows became the driving force for Microsoft Corp. The most efficient structure is when activity of the organization consists of project, and every project consists of operations; in this case some projects may be endless. Project managers define human, technical, financial and other resources they need for their projects; then all these needs are summarized and put to the organizational plan and budget. So needs of the projects determine organizational needs and priorities. Also it often happens that very important goals of organization (i.e. new market penetration, getting a state construction contract, getting a software development tender) depend on projects. Sometimes a successful project can save a company from a bankruptcy or irretrievably crush competitors. Project may not be an organizational driving force when it contradicts the organizational goals or is badly planned and doomed to failure. In this case the project draws human, time, technical, financial and other resources from the organization and gives nothing instead. For example, IBM spent a lot of time and effort on development of operating system OS/2, but the project was not successful. IBM is the greatest hardware vendor, but it failed with operating system development. The human factor is important because... The project manager must be able to exert interpersonal influence in order to lead the project team. By Hendrickson, the project manager often gains the support of his/her team through a combination of the following: Formal authority resulting from an official capacity which is empowered to issue orders. Reward and/or penalty power resulting from his/her capacity to dispense directly or indirectly valued organization rewards or penalties. Expert power when the project manager is perceived as possessing special knowledge or expertise for the job. Attractive power because the project manager has a personality or other characteristics to convince others. (Hendrickson, 1998, chap.2) So I will use these issues in my relations with the team. The members of the project team must work together, whether they are assembled from different divisions of the same organization or even from different organizations. Some problems of interaction may arise initially when the team members are unfamiliar with their own roles in the project team, particularly for a large and complex project. These problems must be resolved quickly in order to develop an effective, functioning team. Also I need to explore two important subjects: why the previous project manager was so popular and why the project is about to fail in spite of the great love of the team to him. Maybe his management style was too soft and democratic and work conditions were too hothouse. If so, I would say to the team, "Guys, it was very good, but now it's finished. Let's work together, and let's work hard, because it's the only way for our company to survive. I don't need your love, I need the work done." Also it may be good decision to rebuild

Concepts of Business Education Essay Example for Free

Concepts of Business Education Essay Presentations: The nurses will be shown presentations by experienced nurses and doctors. 5. Quiz: There will be quizzes held for the nurses on the things taught. 6. Evaluation: The nurses will be evaluated according to their performance. 7. Demonstrations: The nurses will be given demonstrations by the experienced nurses on care giving. 8. Implementation: The nurses will have to demonstrate whatever they have learnt under the supervision of the department head. 9. Post evaluation: Depending on the performance of the nurses, they will be posted in the required departments. The most basic problem of philosophy of education is that concerning aims: what are the proper aims and guiding ideals of education? What are the proper criteria for evaluating educational efforts, institutions, practices, and products? Some of the AIMS proposed or involved in the educational endeavor are †¢cultivation of curiosity and the disposition to inquire fostering of creativity †¢production of knowledge and of knowledgeable students †¢enhancement of understanding †¢promotion of moral thinking †¢feeling and action †¢enlargement of the imagination fostering of growth, development, and self-realization Based on the AIMS concept we are building an online learning system for our employees: Ideally, the learning outcomes in order of priority are ?Translated into course content, resources and an approach to the teaching and learning process that will enable a student to achieve those outcomes. ?Once these basic parameters have been thought through, the courseware development team will share the responsibility of translating the theory and intentions into courseware and online learning functions. These courses will then be delivered by the learning management system (LMS) ? LMS will interface with the library and other digital resources related services along with the student information system (SIS) ? This activity will be done through a secure server that can authenticate the student login. From the students point of view, they will connect to the LMS and the related services through a user-friendly users portal, with a single login, they can have access to their courses and can be linked to all related resources and services. Finally, to ensure ongoing improvement, an evaluation process for the effectiveness of the system, based on achievement of the learning outcomes and students feedback will be put in place, in the form of an independent quality assessment process, which also provides feeds back into the development cycle. Through the above steps the organization plans to provide quality education by making them online, the courses would cover organizational development programs like oTime Management oLeadership Skills Training oConflict Management Workforce Development Relating LMS ; Courses to AIMS as per John Dewey †¢AIMS always relate to results, the first and most important thing is whether the work assigned possesses intrinsic continuity †¢AIMS implies an orderly and ordered activity, one in which the order consists in the progressive completion of a process †¢AIMS means foresight in advance of the end or possible termination †¢AIMS as a foreseen end gives direction to the activity; it’s not an idle view for the spectator but influences steps taken to reach the end. How each prior event leads into its successor while the successor takes up what is furnished and utilizes it for some other stage, until we arrive at the end, which summarizes and finishes the process? †¢Foresight functions in 3 ways ?Involves careful observation of given conditions and means available to reach the end. ?Suggest the proper order or sequence in the use of means, facilitating economical selection and arrangement. ?Makes choice of alternatives possible

Factors that Caused the Financial Crisis

Factors that Caused the Financial Crisis The world had faced two major financial disasters during 20th century. The first crisis happened during 1920-30, which mainly affected the developed countries like Europe and America. Second crisis started in 1997 and stayed till 1999, mainly affected developing economies of Asia pacific. The recent financial crisis which has awakened the whole world mainly resulted from unregulated financial market. It has created serious anxiety because it falls outwards from U.S, the starting point. Alan Greenspan recently called it a once-in-a-century credit tsunami, born of a collapse deep inside the US housing sector. In order to avoid complete meltdown, governments and central banks worked day and night. Trillions of dollars have been allocated to financial institutions by the governments to recover from the crisis in the United States alone Who were the culprits of financial crisis? It is impossible to held just single factor responsible for such a big mass in the absence of other factors. In my research i want to analyse the contribution of each factor but the questions arise in my mind is How did Lehman Brother, the fourth largest investment bank in USA failed? Why majority of financial institutions failed in compare to other institutions? This surly point towards irresponsible activities by financial institutions in their main business LENDING. So focus of my research is to find out the dominant role of easy lending in present crisis along with other factors. The effect of financial crisis 2008 was such sever that even allocating huge amount to address the issues proven insufficient to resolve it. Congress approved $700 billion in response to the problem. Federal reserve spend $1.3 trillion to bail out markets and institution that includes investments in risky assets, loans to bankrupt institutions, sharing such debt which were defaulting at faster rates (Morris, 2008). A further $900 billion were allocated as lending to large corporations (Aversa, 2008), reaching the total of nearly $3 trillion as bailout package so far, without even adding the big amount of corporate debt promised by the U.S government year before the crisis An understanding of the root causes of this colossal failure that has put the entire financial systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ at risk (Woellert and Kopecki, 2008) is necessary to avoid such failures in the future. Number of factors can be held responsible for financial crisis which emerged over number of years. Causes propos ed include the following sub-prime mortgages/ easy lending Poor credit rating Failure of regulators Shadow banking Securitization Credit default swap Mortgage backed securities Assets backed commercial paper etc Aims and Objective Aim of this research is to understand the root causes of financial crisis particularly lending practises as a major factor. Objectives To explore the history of financial crisis To evaluate who were the victims and culprits of financial crisis Impact of financial crisis on other countries (UK, USA, India, Japan) What steps are being taken by government to overcome crisis What could be done to prevent repetition of crisis in future? Literature Review: How did we get to this point? Surprisingly it all started from residential mortgages in the U.S. It had become apparent from 2004 that mortgages issued to majority of consumers did not make any rational sense. Situation was more worsted by so called mortgage brokers who issued mortgages to many insolvent consumers in order to generate outsized fees. On other hand new financial vehicles called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) rated by well know credit rating agencies were introduced by Wall Street. These high yielding mortgage-backed securities were bought by investors from all over the world which increased funding for new mortgages. Appraiser ignored all rules to meet the increasing demand of mortgage applications. Federal Reserve board appointed by congress in 1994 to regulate mortgage lenders decided to watch the game from pavilion. Finally as the bubble accelerates, there is necessary reckoning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" house prices collapsed. This is how greediness and irresponsibility resulted into a biggest financial crisis (Schmudde, 2008). Sub-prime mortgages which are always blamed for financial crisis is only a component of the deeper problem. The value of credit default swaps, which was originally estimated to be $55 trillion by the securities and exchange ( 4 times higher then the actual figure) are totally unregulated and majority of them were contracted over the phone without any verification, is the root cause from which all the problems of crisis started (Simon, 2008). Regulators had forecasted the problem of present crisis years in advance were not taken seriously because of the successful business by the same financial institutions which are either bankrupt or funded by the government (Associated Press, 2008). According to Bernanke (2009) and Portes (2009) global imbalances are the fundamental cause of the crisis and it is not possible to fully understand present crisis without considering the issue of global imbalances. As per Jagannathan, Kapoor, and Schaumberg (2009) imbalances in labour supply can assist to understand the present crisis. Acharya and Richardson(2009), and Acharya and Schnabl (2009) argue that banks were suppose to transfer the risks to end investors while securitising, particularly in the case of asset-backed commercial paper and purchase of AAA-rated tranches but they never did which led them to huge pool of credit risks. Schmudde (2009) documents that no verification of consumers income were done while issuing sub-prime mortgages. Many of them were issued for or close to 100% of the house price. Even borrowers with bad credit history easily managed to get mortgages. This is one of the reasons for huge growth in subprime mortgages which increased from $35 billion to $8 07 billion between1995 to 2005. According to Bartlett (2008) decline of US subprime mortgage triggered the crisis, the impact of the down fall was tremendous; Mark-to-market losses on mortgage backed securities, collateralized debt obligations, and related assets through March 2008 were approximate $945 billion. He further said that it is The largest financial loss in history, in compared to $780 billion of 1990 Japans banking crisis, lost accrued from Asian crisis of 1997-98 about $420 billion. . While explaining the reason how did this crisis turn into a global crisis, Khatiwada and McGirr (2008) stated Many of these Sub-prime mortgages actually never made it on the balance sheets of the lending Institutions that originated them; and such mortgages by rating them high were made attractive to world investors, when sub-prime borrowers failed to repay their mortgages, the originating institution needed to finance the foreclosure with their own money, bringing the asset back on its balance sheet. This left many banks in a financially unviable situation, in a rather short, unmanageable timeframe. According to Mian and Sufi (2008) increased demand for mortgage backed securities led to lending boom which is the root cause of present crisis. Whalen (2008) argues that three main factors are at the root of the problem. First, many companies, banks, and government agencies were encouraged to increase the viability of affordable housing by introducing creative financing techniques. Second, big number of over-the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"counter derivatives and securities were issued by majority of financial institutions due to huge support by the regulators, led to a breakdown in safety and soundness at banks and securities lenders. And the last factor is fir value accounting an ill-advised by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the financial accounting standards board (FASB) to all public company to change the reporting standards. The nations biggest subprime lender, Ameriquest Mortgage co., gave more then US$20 million as a political donation. Other financial institutions like citigroup inc., wells Fargo co., donated huge amount on political side and on lobbying. This donation helped these institutions to persuade legislators to pass predatory-lending laws which might have contributed to present crisis to some extent (Simpson, 2007). According to Shiller (2008) the following factors played very big role in present crisis: Strategy of home ownership which encourage even those who could not afford one. The link between mortgage originator and receiver of payments broke due to mortgage securitization. Because of this there was no reason for mortgage originator to verify the solvency of borrowers. Many loans were issued at low interest rate or even at zero rates with the use of new financial techniques but afterwards rate were increased too high. Research Methodology Methodology plays a very crucial role in how research will be carried out. Methodology is an explanation of why you collected certain data, what data you collected, from where you collected it, when you collected it, how you collected it and how you analysed it (Collins, 2003). The researcher requires an interviewer or observer skills to gather data in the qualitative methods. This method requires collecting and analysing the data and applying the statistical tests (Riley, 2004). Qualitative research interprets opinion of the people in the sample, their way of looking at the subject, what they feel about subject and the dynamic interpret feeling on the subjects (Guari, 2005). The quantitative method mainly uses research instruments to gather, analyse and measure the data. Quantitative approach is more subjective approach. Quantitative approach includes analysing and reflecting on perception to understand social and human activities (Collins, 2003). The main purpose of this chapter is to explain and justify the primary research method which I have chosen to carry out my research. This chapter will also explain the significance of secondary data and state what sources of secondary data i will be using. Source of Acquisition of data Primary data Primary data collection means to collect new data of subjects for specific purpose. The different methods of collecting primary data are questionnaire, interview and sampling (Saunders, 2003). For my research it is very important to get some primary data to understand the topic in practical sense. By taking interview of the head of financial institution, will add extra value to my research and will broaden my understanding of topic as a whole. I will be collecting my primary data through interview with Mr Mitesh Sheth, Deputy Head of Henderson Global Investors. The main focus of interview will be to get their opinion about how did this crisis started, what was there response etc. I am also trying to contact few other key people but too early to mention anything about them yet. Secondary Data Secondary data means data collected previously for some purpose. The main sources of such data are library, internet, articles, business journals, research organization (Saunders, 2003). Methods of data analysis After collecting primary and secondary data the next stage is to evaluate or analyse the collected data. To convert data into graphs will be the easiest way to analyse the data. Hypothesis I will be analysing total amount of lending by US banks to solvent and insolvent borrowers and comparing their rate of default to conclude my research. Work Plan   Proposal submit 21st June literate review 31st July Preparation for interview 5th August Interview of selected person 10th August Analysis of data 20th August Start writing reports 15th September Draft report 10th October Final report October end On successfully completion of my dissertation I hope to come to a positive conclusion. I will utilise all the recourses available to me in order to draw out conclusion. Such as charts, graphs, historical data, interview, questionnaires etc.

Communism Vs Democracy :: Essays Papers

Communism Vs Democracy â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† Essay Ernest Hemingway, in The Old Man and The Sea, wrote a book about a man with little wealth and little friends, but this man has a very high goal, which he wants to accomplish even if it means he might die in the process. In this story Ernest Hemingway describes struggles between life and death. Those struggles still exist in life today, and people from all over the world try to face them day in and day out. Struggles and obstacles in life are different for everyone. Some overcome them, some fail, but most at least try and succeed in getting the one thing they really want, their goal in life. Santiago is the name of that man which Ernest Hemingway describes in the story. Santiago is an old fisherman, who has nothing left except his strength and a boat with a harpoon and fishing wire. The obstacles that Santiago faces are unlike any that most people in this world are facing now. His obstacles are so close to death that it is unimaginable to an ordinary person. Santiago faces them with no ease, but he faces them for no fame or glory. He faces them because of his pride. A person cannot have pride for accomplishing nothing in life. A person has pride when they achieve something so great in their life that you are proud of your own accomplishment, and that something is a persons’ goal. Santiago’s goal is to catch â€Å"The Fish† of his life. That fish is his life and he will do anything to accomplish it. A person has to achieve his goal in order to have pride in them selves. Pride means everything and nothing to people. To some it’s a way of life, t o some it’s something that matters so little that they would rather skip it and do something else. Those people that really do care about their goals, they are successive in life, because they planned and went ahead with their dreams. Those that through out every single opportunity that they got to even try to succeed on it, or just never bothered to try are probably in a shelter for the poor. Without goals there are no dreams, without dreams there is no hope, and with out hope there is no life. Ernest Hemingway used very clever ways to compare life and death between one thing.

Food Availability Essay

This essay will consider the influence of historical and contemporary factors on such staple food as ‘’rice’’. The historical factors that have influence the ability of rice include migration of cultural groups, cash crop farming and farming technology. The contemporary changes of rice will include social, technology, political and economic. Before the Europeans arrived, Australian Aborigines people used hunting and gathering methods to collect food. Native foods were being known such as plants, animals and insects. Firstly, one of the most important historical factors that have influence the ability of rice is migration. Rice was introduced after Australia started to accept migrants from Asia. When people move from one country to another they bring the knowledge ‘’food’’ that they had with them. Therefore, rice has become popular because it is easily steamed or boiled and is eaten at all meals. For example, most migrants are not first generation. The family influence had taught the young family members the culture and beliefs about rice such as how to cook and eat. Secondly, cash crop farming is a type of farming for the purpose of making profit. A transnational company is a large company whose business dealings operate in many counties. Local people work the land and receive an income. For example, the famers will get a higher paid to grow things on the farm that being requested by the companies but the disadvantage is its high to start but then de-values. So, the lack of rice had been struggling in Australia. Thirdly, farming technology. Rice is a very hard staple food because it takes about 2-3 months to grow. Farmers used to use animals such as buffaloes or cows to help them farm. It’s tiring and uses lots of energy but it’s still convenience for people every day needs. Nowadays, Developed countries like Australia uses the knowledge of food production and processing to help to increase the availability of food. Social is influences by society which means that the variety of people inspire what we eat. We are now more understanding of the cultures and lifestyles as we are living in a multicultural world. Australian started to get to know more foods such as Asian, Italian, Mexican, etc†¦ For example, we all know that Asian countries such as China have rice for their everyday meals. We also know that rice goes with every meals and can be eaten with soup and people influence this to one to another. In addition, technology influences microwaves and rice-cookers which mean that we are being able to cook rice faster and easier. For example, you can go out to buy a package of frozen rice and microwaved it for 3 minutes or you can use a rice cooker to cook by putting your rice in and press start. As there are many choices you can keep it warm for a very long hours, non-sticky rice or quick cook. It saves time and labour. Where we look back 200 years ago, we did not have the ability to cook rice like the new technology. Plus, Marketplace is where consumers purchase rice from. The accessibility has been changed because we are able to plant rice ourselves. We have a choice to purchase such as online payments, shopping under one roof and the stores are located most of the places. Also, it’s cheaper than importing rice from overseas. Moreover, the political is a system of government in a country. The Australian government has a protection policy and a control on food imports of foreign products to achieve the goal. The government decides whether to let where rice imported from. For example, back in time, we were not able to import rice into our country because of our restrictions and low economic. To sum up, Economics of food means that people have money to buy food. Without money developing countries won’t have food available. But because we are living in a developed country we are able to have a high living standard compared to the poor countries. Rice is cheap in Australia therefore the lower the prices are the most people tend to spend the money. This money will be recycling. In conclusion, the influence of historical and contemporary factors on a staple food ‘’rice’’ that I’ve made above such as migrants, farming technology, cash crops, social, and technology, political and economic had changed Australia rapidly.

Why Do People Use Drugs?

PSY215: DRUGS AND DEPENDENCY ESSAY ONE WHY DO PEOPLE USE DRUGS? LACHLAN SLOAN 30790798 Throughout history, people have used different kinds of drugs to alter the way they feel or experience consciousness. Ritualistic use of drugs has been commonly practiced by various cultures such as the mushroom induced trance state utilised by Native American Indians to commune with the Great Spirit. Pacific Islanders drink Kava as a means of connecting with the supernatural, healing illness and welcoming guests to the community.Whilst Indians referred to being consciously high as the state of ‘Shiva’ and associated this process with the worship of one of their prime deities, Shiva. Over time the ritualistic use of drugs has integrated as a part of modern society which can be observed in celebrations such as weddings and birthdays where alcohol is commonly consumed. As there is such a vast range of drugs and influences available with many established uses and categorisations the proce ss of determining why people use drugs becomes intricate very rapidly.Norman E Zinberg developed a theory on drug use which is a widely accepted public health model. The basis of this theory argues that it is not possible to understand drug use, the effects or the outcomes of the drug experience unless you take into account the interrelationship of factors between: the drug, the environment and the individual (Zinberg, 1986). For the purpose of this analysis various aspects of influence have been categorised based on Zinberg’s theory to coherently convey why people use drugs.The categorizations are as follows: Individual (cognition, genetics, and physical/psychological state), drug (perceived functions of drug use in society/specific purpose for using a particular substance, drug related expectancies and compulsive use) and environment (social/contextual level). Boys et al (2001) recorded among a study of 364 participants that had used cannabis over the past year that, the tw o most popular reasons for using the drug were to ‘just get really stoned or intoxicated’ (90. 7%) and ‘help you to relax’ (96. 8%). People using drugs often state that they use them to feel ‘good’.What makes these people feel ‘good’ is the way in which the chemicals in these drugs influence cognition. This state of feeling ‘good’ and or being high is attained because most drugs act on the limbic system in the brain, referred to as the ‘pleasure centre’. The presynaptic terminal releases the neurotransmitters Dopamine, Noradrenaline and Serotonin via nerves located at the terminal. These neurotransmitters are released and travel to the post synaptic terminal where specific receptor sites are located on the nerve cell for each neurotransmitter.Here nerve action potential is developed via neurotransmitter action on the receptor site. Prevalent drugs act by blocking, mimicking or stimulating the release of ne urotransmitters via the presynaptic terminal. When Dopamine levels are increased, mimicked or reuptake is permitted (blocked) the reward pathway in the brain is affected which when stimulated creates feelings of pleasure and euphoria (pleasure is associated with reward). The ingested drug is hence associated with pleasure and reward and the person is influenced to continue using the particular drug.Current cognitive-motivational theories of addiction assert that prioritising appetitive, reward-related information plays an inherent role in the development and continuation of substance abuse (Field & Cox, 2008; Franken, 2003; Wiers et al 2007). A study focused on reward-related attentional processes among 682 young adolescents (mean age= 16. 14) had participants complete a motivated game in the format of a spatial orienting task as a behavioural index of appetitive-related attentional processes and a questionnaire to index substance (alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis) use.Correlational a nalysis showed a positive relationship between substance use and enhanced attentional engagement, with cues that predicted potential reward and non- punishment (Ostafin et al, 2013). Research since the mid 1960’s has established that genetics play a modest (yet relevant) role in the development of drug use problems in some individuals (Pickens, 1988; Farrell & Strang, 1992; Hill, 1993). It has been conveyed by Mcgue (1994) that genetics have an influence on a person’s disposition to use drugs.After a review of literature on genetics research in relation to alcoholism, Mcgue established that genetic factors exert a moderate influence on male and female risk for alcoholism. It has been suggested by Hansler (2001) that mental illness motivates sufferers to take drugs (prescription and recreational), this process can cause drug problems (when a person takes drugs in the hope of escaping their symptoms or becomes dependent on a prescription drug). Examples include a person suffering from social anxiety ingesting cocaine in order to temperamentally enhance their sociability when going out with friends.Most of the evidence, however, seems to indicate that these factors can lead to problems; that is, biological, social and/or environmental factors predispose a person to have both a mental health and a substance abuse problem. Aesthetics and physicality are also motivators for drug use. A person will ingest substances to alter the physical nature of their body, primarily due to the fact that they are not satisfied with a particular aspect of their physical self. Examples include; performance enhancing drugs (steroids), Viagra and antibiotics.In beginning the process of analysing the perceived functions of drug use/specific purpose for using a particular substance, psychoactive drugs are the first place to start as due to the broad range of this category. The classification of psychoactive drugs is sub divided into three categories (with some drugs falling into more than one category); Depressants, Stimulants and Hallucinogens. Depressants work by inhibiting the activity of the CNS (Central Nervous System), which slows down various bodily functions such as heart rate and breathing.This classification of drugs has with it a reputation inherent within society as having a calming effect (popularised primarily due to alcohol its acceptance and availability). People generally take this type of drug to relax, another primary function and motivation of the use of depressants is to combat the effects of stress and anxiety (reduces nerves and relaxes muscle). These drugs are typically easy to obtain being available illegally and legally. Examples include acquiring a depressant legally via a doctor’s prescription or benzodiazepines to treat anxiety and purchasing marijuana from a local drug dealer in order to alleviate stress from work. Stimulants work by stimulating the CNS (increasing brain activity) which causes the body to become mo re aroused and responsive. Hence stimulants elevate the mood, create excitement and even induce a state of euphoria. Due to the nature of stimulants improving responsiveness this category of drug is associated with increasing people’s energy levels as brain activity is dramatically increased.Stimulants are widely available legally and illegally with the most common being caffeine, which is the most widely used drug in the world (Julien, 2001). Hallucinogens are a class of drug that alter perceptual functions; sight, hearing, smell, taste or physical touch. Hallucinogens disrupt how the nerve cells and the neurotransmitter serotonin interact with the CNS. By altering the natural levels of serotonin in the body, hallucinogens alter the way in which your brain processes information relevant to perceptual functions.The inhibition of the user’s perceptual functions allows for the body to generate an intense high. Hence many users of hallucinogens utilise this type of drug t o experience the intensity of the high and/or to escape reality. Examples of hallucinogens include; magic mushrooms, marijuana and LSD. A web based survey of 96 (50 female, 46 male) regular drinking college students over a ten week period) reported on their previous week alcohol use and experience of 24 alcohol-related consequences, including their subjective evaluations of those consequences.Most notably of the results, hierarchical linear model tests revealed that students drank less and experienced fewer consequences following weeks in which they rated their consequences as more negative (relative to their own typical subjective evaluations), suggesting that viewing one’s recent consequences as aversive prompts self-initiated behaviour change. It was conveyed by Boys et al (1999) that significant relationships between perceived functions and both the persons intentions to use the drug again in the future and the recent use of a particular drug.Data was collected from a cro ss sectional survey of one hundred participants aged 16 – 21 years of age. Higher scores on a five item social/contextual function scale (Eg. using a drug to help you feel more confident in a social situation) were associated with a greater frequency of recent cannabis use. Drug expectancy is a psychoactive process that occurs as a response to an individual’s expectation that a drug induced effect will occur. Drug expectancy divulges the nature of a person desire to experience the effects from a particular drug(s).The effect occurs from a person’s own experience with a drug, education, feedback from peers/family and media influence. Once acquired via direct experience with a drug, the memory network of positive expectancies can be primed by internal or external drug associated cues. Primed expectancies are thought to guide subsequent drug use (Hersen, 2013). Self-reports from 704 college students were content analysed and used to develop the Marijuana Effect Exp ectancy Questionnaire. Responses were examined using exploratory and confirmatory principle components analysis.Six marijuana expectancies (34. 6% of variance) were identified: (a) cognitive and behavioural impairment, (b) relaxation and tension reduction, (c) social and sexual facilitation, (d) perceptual and cognitive enhancement, (e) global negative effects, and (f) craving and physical effects (Schafer & Brown, 1991). When a person begins using a drug on a regular basis they begin to become dependent on the drug. As tolerance towards the drug grows in the person they become more dependent on the drug in order to achieve the same effect they attained from their first usage.Drug dependency can manifest in both physical/psychological forms. This can be classified in the sense that the body requires the drug to function properly relating to either form of classification. When a person abstains from retaining the normal level of the abused drug in their blood withdrawal symptoms begi n to act. Those with a physiological dependency experience physical discomfort, shaking, nausea and vomiting as withdrawal symptoms. People with a Psychological dependence feel depressive, anxious, aggressive and irritated.Research supports the belief that the negative nature of withdrawal symptoms is associated with drug users continued abuse of a certain drug (Rogers, 2002). Social/contextual level influences have a massive level of governance over a person’s rationalising to use drugs. College students say they utilise alcohol and drugs in order to lessen depression, increase sociability, satisfy curiosity, heighten sexual pleasure, alleviate physical discomfort and expand consciousness (Robbins et al. , 1970). Association with peers tilising drugs is one of the strongest predictors of adolescent drug use (Fergusson et al, 1995; Brook et al, 1990). If other members of the group begin using drugs, some people are influenced to trade sobriety for use in order to fit in and a dapt to the group. Motivation for this exists in the individual wanting to conform to the dynamics of the group paired with fear of rejection from the group. An example of this is conveyed by Hohman et al (2013) via a study of data obtained from the National Survey of Parents and Youth (N= 1,604).Two hierarchical multiple regression models were developed examining the association between ambivalent attitudes, intentions and later marijuana use. The hierarchical models consisted of; an analysis of the moderating effect of ambivalence on the persons intent to use marijuana and the testing of the moderation of ambivalence on literal marijuana use a year later. Results from both hierarchical analyses propose that ambivalence moderated the association of friend norms and subsequent adolescent marijuana use: friend norms were better predictors of marijuana intentions (? 0. 151, t = 2. 29, p = 0. 02) and subsequent use when adolescents were attitudinally ambivalent about marijuana use (? = 0. 071, t = 2. 76, p = 0. 006). The environment of a person greatly influences their susceptibility to drug use. Not only does the social context of a person influence drug use but the environment itself plays a very influential role. A study undertaken in Zinberg’s ‘Drug, Set, And Setting: The Basis For Controlled Intoxicant Use’, analysed a group of American soldiers who began using and became addicted to heroin during the Vietnam war.After the war effort, usage â€Å"virtually ceased†, with only 12% of the soldiers remaining addicted after returning back to the United States. It is evident that these American soldiers were utilising heroin as a form of escapism, a way to disassociate themselves from the harsh reality they were situated in. Hence it can be expected that a person’s socioeconomic status would affect their use of drugs. People living in a negative environment and/or of a lower socio economic status would be more likely to turn to dr ug use as a means of dealing with and escaping their predicament.In the process of determining why people use drugs a diverse range of conclusions have been reached via a model representative of Zinberg’s theory. We began by stating the ritual usages practiced for thousands of years which have transcended into society after society. We begin with Zinberg’s notion of the individual and diverge into the way in which human cognition is affected by drugs. As this topic is explored it is conveyed just how susceptible our brains are to drug use and why we enjoy the temperamental effects drugs create.Genetics, physical and psychological disposition are also conveyed as influencing reasoning for drug use. Drugs are addressed via the perceived functions of illegal and legal drugs by an analysis of drug categorisations where perceived functions and reasons for use are conveyed. Drug expectancy and tolerance is explained and the reasoning for continued use and addiction is commun icated via a study by Schafer & Brown (1991). The social/contextual level of influence is analysed via various studies by Zinberg (1986) and Hohman (2013) conveying environmental and social influences.People ingest a diversity of different drugs for a variety of different reasons; socialisation, environmental factors, perceived norms, to relax, pleasure, to conform, genetics, addiction, out of boredom or curiosity or to escape their problems. Reference List Boys, A. , Marsden, J. , Fountain, J. , Griffiths, P. , Stillwell, G. , & Strang, J. (1999). What influences young people's use of drugs? A qualitative study of decision-making. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy,  6,  373–389. Boys, A. , Marsden, J. , ; Strang, J. 2001) Understanding reasons for drug use amongst young people: a functional perspective. Health Education Research, 16  (4), 457-469. DOI:  10. 1093/her/16. 4. 457. Field, M. , ; Cox, W. M. (2008). Attentional bias in addictive behaviours: a review of its development, causes, and consequences. American Journal of Psychology, 84, 349 – 358 DOI: 10. 1016/j. drugalcdep. 2008. 03. 030. Franken, I. H. (2003). Drug craving and addiction: integrating psychological and neuropsychopharmacological approaches, 4, 563 – 79. Hansler, V. (2001).The Inherent Disposition to Drug Abuse, 9, 32 – 47, New York: Worth Publishers. Hersen, M. (2013). Principles of Addiction: Comprehensive Addictive Behaviours and Disorders, 1, 426 – 429 Hill, W. G. (1993). Variation in genetic composition in back crossing programs, 84, 212-213. Hohman, Z. , Crano, W. , Siegel, J. , ; Alvaro E. (2013). Attitude ambivalence, friend norms, and adolescent drug use. Prevention Science, Germany: Springer, DOI: 10. 1007/s11121-013-0368-8. Julien, R. M. (2001). A Primer of Drug Action, 4, 88-105, New York: Worth Publishers.Mcgue, M. (1994). Genes, environment and the etiology of Alcoholism. The development of alcohol problems, exploring the biops ychosocial matrix of risk, 26, 1 – 40. Merrill, J. E. , Jennifer, P. , ; Barnett, N. P. (2013). The Way One Thinks Affects the Way One Drinks: Subjective Evaluations of Alcohol Consequences Predict Subsequent Change in Drinking Behaviour,  Psychology of Addictive Behaviours,  27, 42-51. Robbins L. , Edwin, S. , William, A. , Stern, F. , ; Stern M. (1970). College Student Drug Use. American Journal of Psychiatry 126, 12, 1743 – 1751.Rogers, D. (2002). Substance Dependency: Consequences and the Path to Recovery, 8, 78 – 81. Schafer, J. , ; Brown, S. A. (1991). Marijuana and cocaine expectancies and drug use patterns, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 558 – 565. Schuster, C. , ; Pickens, R. (1988). AIDS and Intravenous Drug Abuse, Problems of drug dependence 1988, 7, 241 – 252. Strang, J. , ; Farrell, M. (1992). Harm Minimisation for Drug Misusers, 3, 1127–1128, London: Sage Van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E. , DeJong, P. J. , Alberti ne, J. , ; Brian D. Ostafin. 2013). Reward- Related Attentional Biases and Adolescent Substance use: The TRAILS Study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours, 27, 142-150. Wiers, R. W. , Bartholow, B. D. , Van Den-Wildenberg, E. , Thush, C. , Engels, R. , Sher, K. J. , Grenard, J. , Ames, S. L. , ; Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: a review and a model. Pharmacol Biochem Behaviour, 86, 263–283. Zinberg, N (1986). Drug, Set, and Setting: The Basis For Controlled Intoxicant Use, 10-11, Yale University Press.